Improvement in ovens



-w. SELLERS. e618 hee Bakers Oven.

No. 31,192. Patented Jany 22, 1861.

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W. SELLERS.

Bakers Oven.

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Patenteld .lany 22, 1861.

Wl SELLERS,

BakeVS Oven.

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:Patented Jahy V22, 1861.

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P v l UNrTED STATES VILLIAM SELLERS, OF PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA.

IMPROVEMENT IN OVENS.y

Specification forming part of Letters Patent No. 31,192, dated January Q2, 1861.

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, WILLIAM SELLERs, of Philadelphia,in the countyT of Philadelphia and State of Pennsylvania, have invented certain Improvements in Ovens for Baking or Annealing Purposes; and I do hereby. declare that the following is a ful-l and exact description thereof, reference being had to the accompanyin g drawings, and to the letters of reference marked thereon, in which- Figure lis a plan. Fig. 2 is a horizontal transverse section. Fig. 3 is a vertical longitudinal section as far down as the lire-doors,

when it becomes a side elevation, showing also the end of the boilers for generating steam to drive the machinery. Fig. 4 is a vertical transverse section, and Fig. 5 is a front elevation. The object of my invention in the construction of baking or annealing ovens is, first, to make the oven of such form that with a given number of cubic feet inside it will contain the largest amount of material to be operatedupon second, to so arrange the moving parts that they shall nearly balance each other, thus requirin g but little more power to operate them than is necessary to overcome the friction and inertia of the machinery; third, to arrange the machinery for entering and discharging the materials, so that its operations may be continuous, fresh materials being put in as that which is iinished is discharged; fourth, to make the reception and discharge of the :materials automatic, the periods when such operations are to take place being determined by machinery, which can be adj usted to longer or shorter intervals of time, but when adjusted all the movements of the oven shall be in accordance therewith; fth, to so arrange the machinery of the oven that the movements which are necessarily intermittent may be performed in the shortest possible time without any shock or jar, and so that the speed of any one movement may be increased or diminished without thereby affecting any of the others; sixth, to place the rc inside the baking-chamber, with a suitable arrangement of fines and charging and discharging door, whereby all the deleterious products of combustion will be prevented from coming in contact with the materials to be baked or annealed, while in this process I make use of radiant, reflected, and transmitted heat seventh, to use the waste heat as it passes from the oven to generate power, for the purpose of operating the moving parts of the oven or other machinery required in the manufacture of the raw materials, while by a suitable arrangement of tlues more or less of this heat may be used without sensibly aecting the draft of the lire or otherwise altering the heat of the baking or annealing chamber; eighth, to provide a means of cooling ofi' the oven, so that in this process none of the products of combustion in the furnace shall pass into the baking-chamber.

The plan which l have adopted to accomplish the aforesaid objects is as follows: A A, Figs. 2, 3, and 4, is the baking-chamber, which I make in the form of parallelogram, so as to correspond in shape with the two tiers of cars or pans B B B B. These cars are provided with wheels for the purpose of entering and discharging them. The upper side of each car is hanged to form a rail,.on which the wheels of the car next above can run. They are placed in the oven to any height that I may find desirable, each carresting on the one below it, except the bottom one, which rests alternately on the pawls and rails, as hereinafter described.

To maintainI the cars in a vertical position, and to sustain the rails, pawls, and other machinery for entering and discharging the cars, I provide six iron beams, G C Cv G, which are joined togetherlongitudinally by the bars a c a a, and transversely bythe beams C C C', the whole forming a frame, which is sustained and attached to the outer frame-work A' A' l by the bolts b b b. The lower end of this frame C C C carries the rails b b', which support the cars B B B, as they enter and leave the baking-chamber, as far as the center beam O.

Resting on the outer frame-work, A A,I provide two supports or journals, B B', carrying the vibrating beam D D to arcs, on which, by means of link-chains and bolts, l attach eight iron beams, Dl Dl D2 D2. These beams are joined together top and bottom, so as to form two separate frames, Dl Dl and D2 D2,

capable of playing` freely up and down inside the frame G C C G a distance of half an inch more than the car B; `and at the lower cnd of the frame D2 D2 I provide rails d2 d'2, on which the cars B B are supported as they enter and leave the baking-chamber after passing from the rails b' b in the frame C C C C.

At the lower end of the frame D1 Dl I provide/rails d1 all, which support the cars B B upon their axle bearings, and lower them upon the rails b' b', for the purpose of being discharged from the baking-chamber.

'To the frameC C C (3,1 attach the rail-pawls e e e' e', which support the ears B B when not resting upon the rails d d1, d2 d3, or l1' b'.

/j Motion is communicated to the frames D1 D1 and Dz D2 through the vibrating beam D by means of Water, oil, or other non-elastic fluid, operating upon the piston in the cylinder E, causing the piston to ascend or descend as this iluid is admitted to one or the other end of the cylinder, and moving the beam D by means of the cross-head E' and connecting-rods f f. The cross-head serves also to operate the railpawls e e e' c', having on each end a projection, which strikes the tail of the levers f' f', causing them to raise the weighted levers g g, which are attached to the rail-pawls, as shown in Fig. 4. The shafts connecting the weighted levers g g', Fig. 4, with the rail-pawls are supported by the frame C C C C, The rods connecting the levers f' f' with the weighted levers g 'g' are provided with an opening at the levers g g' equal to the amount of movement which this rod can have, and in this opening pins in the levers g g' work. This is for the purpose of allowing the levers g g' to remain up while the rods which raised them makes another downward stroke, and enabling one rod to work both levers, one beingat rest while the other moves.

rlhe levers f' f' are each provided with one tail-piece, which serves to raise them by means of the cross-head E', and with another at the same end, which serves to hold it up by means of the spring-catch l1, h, as shown in Figs. 3 and 5.

The cars are entered and discharged from the oven by means of the sliding stop or pin h', Fig. 4, which slides in a guide supported by the frame O C G C. The pin h' is operated by means of a wire-rope or chain, to which it is attached, one end of which is fastened to the wheel F, and the other passes over the carrying-wheels F' F' at the back of the oven, and is attached to aweight, (shown in Fig. 3,) which serves to take up any wear or expansion from heat.v

The wheel F, carrying with it the chain and pin, is operated by means of the rack G and pinion H, and motion is communicated to the rack G by fluid under pressure in the cylinder I operating' upon the plunger j. The ear at the top of the back pile or series is transferred to the top of the front pile or series by means of the hook on the end of the rack K, which rack is operated by the wheel K' on the shaft 7s, the other end of which carries the pinion H', gearing into the rack G, which operates the sliding pin It', as before described, so that the operation of Vtransferrin g the top car of the back pile or series to the top ofthe front pile or series is performed simultaneously with that of entering a car into the oven. L is the -they rest to be reloaded.

door of the oven, which is opened and closed by uid, under pressure, being admitted or discharged from the cylinder L'; and M is a frame outside the door to receive the cars as they are discharged from the oven 4, on which As the cars are discharged with their load of baked materials it is necessary to provide a means of unloading them quickly, and this is done by attaching the frame M to the shaft Z Z, which is supported in journals m m, fastened upon the outer frame A' A'. To the outer end of the shaft l l is fastened an arm, l' L', which is operated `from the cylinder N through the cross-head and connecting-rods shown in Fig. 5. 4As fluid is admitted or discharged from this cylinder the frame M is turned up so as to discharge the contents of the ear, or it is left horizontal, as shown in the drawing, ready to receive a fresh load. The operating-fluid is admitted to the cylinders in which it acts by means of valves, which may be of various forms. They should be of the character known as slide-valves," and any of them in common use that can be nearly balanced will answer the purpose. rIhe pressure required may be obtained from a column of water; but I prefer to use oil taken from an accumulator, weighted to the proper degree, and supplied by force-pumps as it is used by the oven, the same oil being worked over and over with very little loss. A clock of the character called alarm is placed in the position shown in Fig. 5, and must be so arranged as to set oft' at longer or shorter intervals, as may be desired, and in place of starting a bell, as is customary, the setting off must liberate the hair-trigger t, with which it is shown in connection.

Having thus described the various parts of the machinery of the oven, the mode of oper ation is as follows. Supposing the machinery to be in a state of rest, the car on the outside of door ready to be loa-ded, the position ol' parts is as follows.

The arrows represent the direction of the Water or fluid in the pipes and distinguishes the receiving and discharge pipes.

Position of machinery during period of rest: Rack-cylinder I, full of oil, rack up; doorcylinder L', empty, door down; vibratingbeam cylinder E, oil in below piston, crosshead up tipping eylinderN, empty, car ri ghted up; back pile of ears is resting on pawls c e. The rail is down ready to receive car; front pile of ears is up resting on rail d d1. The pawls e' e' have fallen out of the way; clock liberates hair-trigger t of door-cylinder L' 5 valve opens by pressure of oil on the stem; door in going up strikes a bell-erank, the front end of which, n, is shown in Fig. 5 attached to the valve of rack cylinder I, pushing it over for exhausting and allowing rack to descend; rack, descending, pulls car into oven, over to the back side, and pulls top car of Ilback pile onto the top of front pile. As the rack descends, `when nearly at the bot tom of its stroke, a stop on its side-1 strikes A DIW andpasses bell-crank of valve for cylinder E, moving valve over, exhausting bottom end, and giving water on top of piston, thus depressing the cross-head and lifting the car just entered .until it strikes and lifts the whole f f', attached to pawls, drawing the pawls into place under thebottom of lower back car and under bottom of top ilange of next to lower ear of front pile, and, thus arresting-the frontv pile, allows the bottom car to descend half an inch free. The cross-head,.when near? to the bottom of its stroke, also pushes down a long rod, o, which is attached to a balanced lever, p, governing its own valve, thus gradually stopping its descent as the valve closes. It also brin gs the bell-crank r into proper position to -be struck by stop 2 on the rack, the;

stop which had moved it in the rst place having passed again without moving these stops, being hinged to rack in such a mannerv as to give motion only in one direction. This lon g rod o also pushes down lever of rackcylinder valve I, moving valve open, giving; oil to this cylinder, and sending rack up, thus forcing bottom car of front pile out onto tipping frame M and running top horizontal rack over into` gear with top back car. The rack, .when nearly up, strikes by stop 3 and passes z bell-crank of door-cylinder L', moving valve over, shutting door, and resetting hair-trigger. It strikes, also, with stop 4, bell-crank of tipping cylinder N, moving valve open, tippingthe car. The ascending rack also strikes ,the bell-crank r of valve for cylinder E, with stop 2, giving water in lower end by moving valve over. The cross-head now ascends, and, pass-iv in g up a short distance-say six inches-strikes springs 7L h a-nd liberates the levers which held pawls under the cars. These levers fall back 5 but the pawls remain in position under the cars, as there has Vbeenvmotion enough to bring the weight of the back pile onto the pawls, and the front one is already resting on v its pawls. vAs the cross-head continues to ascend it will, when near the top of its stroke,

lift up the front pile, freeing it from the pawls, which will fall away5and, lastly, the crosshead, striking a stop on the long rod 0, will lift it up, moving its own valve, slack off and stop as before, and at the same time will move valve of cylinder N, causing it to exhaust and right up the car, thus leaving every thing as when the first movement commenced.A

Byaltering the size of the opening inthe valves admitting the fluid to the cylinders the speed of each part mayT be varied without thereby affecting any of the others, and the Vgreatest possible speed may be attained in each part without shockf or jar.

In order to apply the heat to my oven, I

place the iire immediately below the bakingchamber, Figs. k3 and 4, the iiues It It for carrying off the gases having their openings below the door of the bakin g-ch amber, so that none'of the deleterious products of combnsn tion can enter this chamber, and it becomes vunnecessary to have a tight partition between the fire and the baking-chamber. I prefer making the iiues of cast-iron, joining the vertical ones to a large horizontal one, S, on each side with sand joints, the lower end of the vertical lues resting on the side of the oven, the joint allowing sufcient for expansion and contraction. The two horizontal lues are earried down the back of the oven, as in Fig. 2, and joined together at the bottom, when they can either pass under the boiler through the ,line I or into the main chimney by the iiue .Q., Fig. 3, its passage either way being controlled by dampers.

With `the view to control the temperature of the oven more eiiectually than by any other known plan, I provide two pipes, T T, 'at and extending through the top of the oven, and connectthem above the oven into one leading byany suitable power. One of the said pipes Acommunicates with each division of the oven,

and each pipe is provided with a suitable damper. ln this way I am enabled to force a current of cold air in at the top of either of the divisions of theoven, thereby -forcin g the hot air vdown toward the fire below and into the fines of the fire-chamber until the temperature is reduced to the degree required. The cooling of the oven by apertures near the bottom of the oven for the admission of cold air would not be eiectual without corresponding apertures at or near the top for the escape of the heated and rarefied air, and this would induce a draft from the fire directly through the oven, which, for the time being, would constitute the oven a direct flue from the lire, carryavoid by the mode of cooling herein specially described.

I am aware that it has been proposed to arrange the cars or pans in two piles or series, one having an ascending and the other descending motion; but by a mode of operation essentiallyl different from 1nine-as,'for instance, in the said former plan-the pans or cars are introduced into the oven through ,a door at or near the bottom to the ascending series, carried up, and at top carried out ot' the oven through a door, and then moved laterally outside of the oven, and reinserted at top through another door to effect the transfer to the descending series, by which `they are carried down and discharged at bottom through another door. This mode of operation requires four doors, two at or near the bottom of the oven and two at or near the top, in consequence of which it is necessary to separate the fire-chamber from the'oven by a roof or partition, or the gaseousY products of combustion would be carried through the oven' by the draft which wouldbe unavoidably induced through the oven by the opening of the doors at or near the top in making the transfer from the ascendin gto the descending series, all o f/which difficulties I avoid by my invention, which effects the transfer from the ascending to the descending series Within 'the oven, the pans or cars being inserted and discharged at or near the bottom and on one side the series behind the other, having found that to be practically eflicient, nevertheless I do not wish to be understood as limiting my claim of invention to such mode of inserting or feeding and discharging, as the same result can be obtained by an analogous arrangement, such as arranging the two series side by side, and making the transfer from the ascending to the descending series laterally, and having two doors at or near the bottom, one opposite each series, the cars or pans being inserted through one, and, after ascending and being transferred and carried down, discharged through the other, door, but on the same side of the oven.

Vhat I claim as my invention, and desire to secure by Letters Patent, is-

l. The arrangement of the cars or pans in the oven in two series, one ascending and the other descending, substantially as described, in combination with the means described, or the equivalent thereof, for transferring from the ascending to the descending series within the oven, and with means for inserting and discharging at or near the bottom of theoven and on one side thereof, substantially as described, and for the purpose specified.

2. Machinery or an instrument for measuring time, in combination with the machinery which operates the oven, in the manner substantially as specified, and for the purpose set forth.

3. In combination with an oven having the nre-chamber at the lower part thereof, and in which the fire is not separated therefrom by any roof or partition, substantially as described, the employment of the blower or equivalent means for forcing in a current of air at or near the top, substantially as described, to reduce the temperature when required.

' WM. SELLERS.

VVit-nesses D. MAGAULEY, ROBERT LAiNG. 

